A Detailed Review of Conventional and Modern Breeding Technologies and Approaches of Field Crops

The existence of genetic variability in plant material is considered to be the basis of crop improvement. A plant breeder finds this variability in various ways to create new crop varieties which are capable of withstanding different types of stresses including drought, temperature, diseases, insect pest attacks and unfavorable soil conditions. Breeders obtain their purpose and target varieties by using different breeding technologies, selection methods and improved approaches. This review presents an effective sketch of conventional and modern breeding technologies. Conventional breeding methods include the introduction, selection methods and hybridization. All these methods are categorized further into different types like mass selection, progeny selection, pure-line selection etc. Similarly, conventional breeding methods of hybridization include a pedigree method, bulk method and backcross breeding method. Among them, the backcross breeding method is being used widely to get better and fast results in a variety of development processes. Using conventional breeding methods, there are many varieties developed in the recent past like "Dirk" and "Penjamo-62" of wheat, "IR-6" variety of rice and "Beechar" of barley. The Final portion of this review explains modern breeding technologies which are being used widely all over the world. These methods are categorized into three different types. These include shuttle breeding, speed breeding and double haploid breeding technologies. Among them, speed breeding reduces the breeding cycle and accelerates the crop research process through rapid generation advancements. This can be carried out in many different ways. One of them includes the extension of the duration of the plant's daily light exposure. In short, we can easily get the targeted results in a short time duration by using modern breeding technologies and selection approaches. The whole concept gives an amazing figure to the new crop researchers in conventional and modern breeding technologies and selection methods.