Taxonomy of the Rhizobia: Current Perspectives

The classification of rhizobia has been gone through a substantial change in recent years due to the addition of several new genera and species to this important bacterial group. Recent studies have shown the existence of a great diversity among nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from different legumes. Currently, more than 98 species belonging to 14 genera of α- and β- proteobacteria have been described as rhizobia. The genera Rhizobium, Mezorhizobium, Ensifer (formerly Sinorhizobium), Bradyrhizobium, Phyllobacterium, Microvirga, Azorhizobium, Ocrhobactrum, Methylobacterium, Devosia, Shinella (Class of α-proteobacteria), Burkholderia, Cupriavidus (formerly Ralstonia) (Class of β-proteobacteria) and some γ-proteobacteria, form the set of the bacteria known as legume’s symbionts. There is certainly much to discover, since only 23% of known legumes were identified specifically for symbiotic relationship up to date. The discovery of new symbionts associated with legumes is necessary to gain deep insight into the taxonomy of the rhizobia. A literature review of the currently recognized classification of rhizobia is presented in this paper.